US History Outline aligned to Georgia Performance Standards

1. Discovery & European Colonization

I. Discovery

A. Timelines

1. BC-Before Christ

2. AD-Anno Domini (In the Year of Our Lord)

3. Century=100 years (15th Century=1492)

B. 20,000 BC-1^st peoples arrived

1. Used Bering Strait from Siberia to Alaska

C. Major Native American Cultures

1. South America

a. The Olmecs were the first civilization in the Americas

b. Aztec: Central Mexico (1000AD-1500AD)

1. Tenochtitlan-capital

2. A war-like people

c. Mayas: Yucatan Peninsula (AD 300-AD 800)

d. Inca’s: Andes Mountains (1400 AD-1530 AD)

1. Built roads for commerce and war, no cities, mostly rural

D. Causes of Exploration

1. Crusades (1100-1200’s)-Christian armies attempt to retake Holy Lands from Muslims

2. Renaissance (1300-1500’s)

a. Rebirth of Greek and Roman culture

b. Products and ideas gained from the Middle East

1. Muslim sailing technology

a. Compass, sextant, caravel, astrolabe

3. The One Hundred Years War (1300-1400’s)

a. Caused a long lasting rivalry between England and France

b. Joan of Arc

4. Protestant Reformation

a. Martin Luther begins Reformation in Germany (1517)

b. King Henry VIII breaks from Catholic Church (1534) and established the Church of England

5. Queen Elizabeth defeats the Spanish Armada (1588)

a. England becomes dominant naval power

6. Glorious Revolution (1688) “Bloodless Revolution”

a. William & Mary (Protestants) are invited to replace James II (Catholic) by Parliament

E. European Colonization

1. Spanish

a. settled west of Mississippi River, Florida, Central and South America

b. goal was Gold, God, and Glory

2. French

a. Settlement of Quebec; Samuel de Champlain called “Father of New France”

1. goal was fur trade and spreading the Catholic faith

b. Also settled in Ohio River valley and along the Mississippi River

F. Results

1. Columbian exchange

a. exchange of goods between Europe and New World

1. Potatoes, squash, beans, and maize awaited Europeans

2. Wheat, bananas, wine grapes, cattle and horses were introduced to the New World

2. Treaty of Tordesillas (Line of Demarcation) - divided the New World between Spanish and Portuguese

II. English Colonization

A. New England Colonies (New Hampshire, Massachusetts, Connecticut, and Rhode Island)

1. Religious Reasons for colonization

a. Pilgrims

1. Landed at Plymouth in 1620

2. Known as Separatists or dissenters (wanted to totally break away from Catholic Church)

3. Mayflower Compact-1st written government

4. Squanto-showed settlers how to grow corn led to Thanksgiving celebration

b. Puritans-dissenters

1. Landed at Massachusetts Bay Colony (1630)

2. “Great Migration” 1630-1640 about 20,000 Europeans came because of religious persecution

3. Wanted to Purify the Catholic Church

4. Significant events that leads to the decline of the Massachusetts Bay Colony

c. Religious tensions w/in Massachusetts

1. Half way Covenant- New England puritans allowed baptized persons not publicly professing conversion to be regarded as church members, entitling their children to church membership.

2. Salem Witch Trials-(1692-1693) Puritans tried “witches” in their community.

3. Roger Williams is expelled from Massachusetts and founds Rhode Island

2. Government

a. Town Meetings and the development of legislatures was most important in New England because of the close proximity of towns and people

b. Loss of Massachusetts Charter-revoked in 1684 for ignoring Navigation Acts.

3. Relations with Native Americans

a. King Philip’s War (Metacom) (1675)

1. Last Indian resistance by Indians in New England

B. Mid Atlantic Colonies (Delaware, New York, New Jersey, Pennsylvania)

1. New Amsterdam was established by the Dutch West India Company in 1622

a. New Amsterdam became the Capital of the New Netherlands (Dutch colonies) after it is bought from the Indians for $24!

b. Peter Stuyvesant surrenders New Amsterdam to British in 1644

c. Colony given to James, the Duke of York, by Charles II, name is changed to New York

2. Pennsylvania (1622)

a. William Penn- “Penn’s Woods” (Proprietorship)

b. Quakers-religious group

1. Pacifists, “inner light”, no ministers

C. Southern Colonies (Virginia, Maryland, North Carolina, South Carolina, and Georgia) (Tidewater/Piedmont0

1. Virginia’s development

a. The Virginia Company (Joint Stock) founds Jamestown in 1607. First permanent English colony

1. The settlers established relations with Native Americans such as Powhatan-local Indian chief

b. Importance of the development of Tobacco cultivation

1. John Rolfe-developed sweeter tasting tobacco

c. The development of the House of Burgesses (1619)

1. First representative assembly in the colonies (Self-Government)

d. Bacon’s Rebellion (1676)

1. Occurred in Virginia and was 1st rebellion against a King’s governor

2. Slavery in the southern colonies (1619)

a. Growth of African population expands by 18th century

b. African-American culture

1. language-Gullah

2. religion, family, indentured servitude v. slavery

c. Middle Passage-the 2^nd leg of Triangular trade

1. Triangular trade-between the colonies, Africa, and the West Indies

III. Economics and society in British North America

A. The Enlightenment

1. Benjamin Franklin became a symbol of social mobility and individualism

a. Poor Richard’s Almanac lightening Rod, stove, & bi-focal

B. Great Awakening (1730’s-1740’s) - Significance: colonists begin to question authority

1. Preachers: Jonathan Edwards & George Whitefield

a. “Sinners in the Hands of an Angry God”

2. Causes of the Revolutionary War and the War

I. Causes of Revolutionary War

A. French & Indian War occurred between 1754-1763 and was also called the Seven Years War

1. Causes

a. Anglo French Imperial Competition over the Ohio River Valley

2. War begins

a. George Washington is sent to secure Ohio River Valley in 1754

1. attacks Fort Duquesne

2. retreats and surrenders Fort Necessity

b. Albany Plan of Union (1754) (seven colonies)

1. Benjamin Franklin: colonial defense against the Indians

c. British General Braddock is ambushed and killed

1. Colonel Washington leads orderly retreat

d. The French win most early battles

e. Turning point

1. William Pitt- “spends the money”-leads to British war debt

2. Battle of Quebec

a. British surprise French

3. War Ends

a. Treaty of Paris (1763)

1. Laid groundwork for Revolutionary War

a. France power declines in North America (Britain restored to France four other West Indian islands and the West African colony of Gorée (Senegal)

b. British gains: France renounced to Britain the mainland of North America east of the Mississippi, most of Canada, its conquests in India since 1749, and four West Indian islands.

c. Spain: In return for recovering Havana and Manila, Spain ceded Florida to Britain and received Louisiana from the French.

b. Proclamation of 1763-outlawed migration of English settlers west of Appalachian Mountains

1. Angered colonists who continued to flood to the west

2. England did not want to defend the frontier-costly

B. Mercantilism and Trans Atlantic Trade

1. Control of colonial economy by taking raw materials, shipping to England, finishing product, selling product to colonists for gold and silver

C. Stamp Act (1765) - placed stamps on newspapers, legal documents, playing cards, and dice

1. 1st DIRECT Tax

2. Most hated kind of tax

3. Result: Stamp Act Congress-“No taxation w/out representation!”

a. started a boycott of British goods

D. Boston Tea Party

1. Caused by the Tea Act (1773)

2. Committee’s of Correspondence pass Circular Letters communicating grievances about the king

3. Sons of Liberty board British ships and dump tea into harbor

E. Intolerable Acts (1774)-British answer to the Boston Tea Party

1. Port of Boston closed

II. Events leading up to the American War for Independence

A. First Continental Congress (1774) met in Philadelphia

1. Agreed to meet again in 1775

B. Lexington and Concord (April 19, 1775)

1. Paul Revere, Samuel Prescott, and William Dawes warn the colonists

C. Second Continental Congress (May 1775)

1. Issues the Olive Branch petition

2. Creates Continental Army

3. George Washington chosen as commander-not a great tactician but a great leader

D. Bunker Hill (June 17, 1775) (Breed’s Hill)

1. American “victory”

2. Three attempts to assault hill by British

E. Colonists were divided over war

1. 1/3-Loyalists-supported the king

2. 1/3-Patriots-supported war

3. 1/3-Apathetic or ignorant

F. Common Sense (January 1776)

1. Published by Thomas Paine and lists reasons for going to war with England

G. Declaration of Independence (July 4, 1776)-list of grievances against the king used to gain support of uncommitted colonists

1. Thomas Jefferson

a. Language used

1. Self evident truths-blames king

2. Natural or unalienable rights (life, liberty and pursuit of happiness)

b. Influences

1. John Locke

a. Natural Rights

2. Montesquieu

a. “Spirit of the Laws” his most widely known concept of the balance of powers as the best means of establishing and preserving liberty.

IV. The Revolutionary War (1776-1783)

A. British evacuate Boston after Fort Ticonderoga (May 1775) falls to Ethan Allen

B. Battle of New York (June 1776)-American defeat

C. Battle of Trenton (December 1776)

1. Surprise attack, Washington crosses Delaware R. & defeats Hessians

D. Valley Forge (June-December 1778)

1. Winter campground- Washington as a leader keeps the army together

a. army is weak from sickness, wounds, and desertion

b. Baron Von Steuben

1. Trains Americans in European warfare

2. Development of a professional military

E. Saratoga (October 1777)

1. Turning point battle of war

a. Benjamin Franklin, as a delegate to France secures an alliance

F. Yorktown (October 1781)

1. British General Lord Cornwallis is trapped but believes he can escape by sea

2. Defeated by Washington, French General Marquise de Lafayette, and the French navy

G. Treaty of Paris of 1783

1. Terms

a. Independence

b. American boundaries (Mississippi River and Great Lakes)

c. Florida is given back to Spain

d. Removal of British forts in west in exchange for Tory reclamation of property

3. Articles of Confederation & the Constitution

I. Events and ideas that led to a call for adoption and implementation of the United States Constitution

A. The Articles of Confederation (1781-1789)

1. Written as a framework of government for the Continental Congress during the Revolutionary War

a. Powers

1. Declare war, sign treaties, borrow money, set weights and measures, postal service, & dealing w/ Native Americans

b. Weaknesses

1. Could not collect taxes

2. Could not regulate interstate trade

3. Each state had one vote, regardless of population

4. Nine of thirteen states needed to pass laws

5. A unanimous vote was needed to amend the Articles

6. No executive or judicial branch

7. No national army-depended on state militias

c. Biggest accomplishments

1. Land Ordinance of 1785

a. divided western lands into townships (640 acres=1 square mile)

2. Northwest Ordinance of 1787- Leads to westward migration

a. Set procedure for territories to become states. (60,000)

b. provided public land for schools

c. It established the principle of admitting new states on equal terms with the original 13 states.

d. Outlaws slavery in NW Territory

3. Paid off a national and state debt of $190 million by ceding western land claims of southern states

4. Successfully negotiated a treaty ending the Revolutionary War

B. Shays Rebellion-showed weakness of Articles

1. Led for a call of a stronger central government

II. The Constitution of the United States

A. Constitutional Convention (May 1787)

1. 55 delegates from 12 states (Rhode Island did not attend)

2. James Madison keeps notes at Convention and becomes “Father of Constitution”

3. Rival Plans

a. Virginia Plan-(Edmund Randolph and James Madison)

1. Representation based on the population of a state

b. New Jersey Plan-(William Patterson)

1. Representation based on each state getting equal votes

4. Key Features of the Constitution

a. Great Compromise-(Roger Sherman from Connecticut)

1. Bi-Cameral that is a combination of the Virginia and New Jersey plans

b. Issues of slavery-Three-Fifth’s Compromise

1. 60% of slaves would be counted in the state’s population and taxation

2. 60% of slaves would be counted for taxation

3. No prohibition on slavery for 20 years

c.. Separation of Powers by Montesquieu

1. Executive-carry out laws

2. Legislative-to make laws

3. Judicial-to interpret laws

d. Limited Government: Checks and Balances- to prevent one branch from dominating the other

B. Battle for State Ratification

1. Federalists (pro-ratification)

a. Included: James Madison, Alexander Hamilton, & John Jay

1. Federalist Papers (85 essays) written by James Madison, John Jay, and Alexander Hamilton

a. Written to support Ratification

b. Discussed the new form of government

1. Checks and Balances

2. Powers of the Executive Branch

3. Opposed factions

2. Anti-Federalists (Opposed ratification)

a. Included: Patrick Henry, Samuel Adams, and Richard Henry Lee

1. Called for a Bill of Rights-(written by James Madison & ratified in 1791)

a. Protected individuals and states rights

b. Limited government

4. Washington, Adams, Jefferson, Madison, Monroe, JQ Adams, & Jackson (1789-1848)

I. George Washington

A. Set Precedents

1. Cabinet

a. Thomas Jefferson (Secretary of State)

b. Alexander Hamilton (Secretary of the Treasury)

B. Domestic Issues (policies @ home)

1. Whiskey Rebellion-showed strength of new government

a. Washington lead new national army to put rebellion down

2. Farewell Address (also known as the Neutrality Proclamation)

a. Non-Intervention in Europe

C. Development of Political Parties

1. Federalists (Hamilton)

a. National Bank

b. Loose Constructionist- interpret Constitution loosely

c. Develop industry

d. Support Great Britain

2. Democratic-Republicans (Jefferson)

a. State Banks

b. Strict Constructionist- interpret Constitution strictly

c. Develop agriculture

d. Support France

II. John Adam’s Presidency (1796-1800)

A. Adams wins most popular votes and a majority of Electoral College

1. Thomas Jefferson receives 2^nd most votes and is named Vice-President

B. Domestic Policy

1. Alien & Sedition Acts (1798) purpose: to win the 1800 election

2. Kentucky and Virginia Resolutions

a. Jefferson & Madison attack the Alien & Sedition Acts in the press (Nullification)

C. Foreign Policy

1. XYZ Affair

a. Adams sends three delegates to negotiate w/ French

b. The French send three low ranking officials codenamed (X,Y, & Z), that demand tribute of $250,000.

2. Convention of 1800

a. repeals Alliance Treaty of 1778 w/ France

b. Federalist Party splits

III. Thomas Jefferson’s Administration (1800-1808)

A. Election of 1800 (Revolution of 1800-peaceful exchange of power)

B. Domestic Policy

1. Marbury v. Madison

a. Chief Justice John Marshall declares Judiciary Act (1789)-unconstitutional

b. This establishes Judicial Review

2. Louisiana Purchase

a. Napoleon is losing a revolt in Santo Domingo, so to raise money, sells the entire Louisiana Territory to the US for $15 million

b. Jefferson’s diplomacy obtains the Louisiana territory

1. “Loosely” interprets the Constitution

c. Sends Lewis & Clark on expedition (1804-1806) (Sacajawea)

C. Foreign Policy

1. Embargo Act (1807)-passed by Jefferson placing a ban on exports to foreign countries

a. This act angers New England Merchants who dislike Jefferson

IV. James Madison Administration (1808-1816) - “Father of Constitution”

A, Foreign Policy

1. Causes of War of 1812 (1812-1814)

a. Embargo Act (1807)

b. French and British Blockade

c. Impressments of American sailors

2. Key Battles

a. Battle of Lake Erie

1. Admiral Oliver Hazard Perry defeats British navy on Great Lakes

b. British capture and burn Washington, DC

1. Madison’s wife, Dolly, saves valuable historical items

c. Battle of New Orleans (1815)

1. Andrew Jackson, “Old Hickory,” defeats British

2. Occurred after Treaty of Ghent was signed

3. Wars significance

a. The nation develops an identity

b. The nation develops its’ industry.

V. James Monroe Administration (1816-1824)

A. Presidency known as the Era of Good Feelings-no foreign wars, political unity, and a strong feeling of nationalism

B. Domestic Issues

1. American System-program to develop the nation’s infrastructure

a. proposed by Henry Clay (Whig) in 1816

b. called for development of the nation’s infrastructure

1. Example: the construction of the Erie Canal leads to the rise of New York City

2. Supreme Court increases the power of the national government

a. John Marshall

1. McCullough v. Maryland (1819)-“Power to tax is the power to destroy”

2. Gibbons v. Ogden (1824)-federal government’s right to regulate interstate commerce

C, Foreign Policy

1. Monroe Doctrine-warned colonial powers to stay out of Western Hemisphere

VI. John Quincy Adams Administration (1824-1828)

A. “Corrupt Bargain” Election of 1824

1. Henry Clay sides w/ Adams, and is named Secretary of State

2. Adams wins election-Jackson calls it a “Corrupt Bargain”

B. Domestic Policy

1. Adams is a nationalist and promotes tariffs to protect American industry

VII. Andrew Jackson Administration (1828-1836)

A. Election of 1828

1. Jacksonian Democracy

a. Universal Manhood Suffrage-expands suffrage to the “common” man

1. Non-property owning whites

b. Spoils System-a new president can replace former appointees in Washington with his own

c. “Kitchen cabinet”

B. Domestic Policies

1. Tariff of 1828 or the Tariff of Abominations

a. John C. Calhoun role: (Jackson’s Vice-President)

1. Nullification Crisis (States may ignore federal law)

a. State’s Right’s ideology

2. Calhoun resigns as Vice-President over the Tariff of Abominations

2. National Bank Controversy/ The Bank War

3. The Indian Removal Act (1830) (The Trail of Tears)

5. Reforms, Industrial Revolution, Westward Expansion & Slavery Issue

I. Reforms Movements of the early 1900’s

A. Second Great Awakening (1830-1840)

1. Revivals-preached individual salvation

a. Charles G. Finney- “anxious bench”

b. Peter Cartwright –traveling Methodist preacher

B. Transcendentalism

1. Philosophical and literary movement

a. Self reliance-truth is found in nature and from within

b. Civil disobedience-peacefully disobey disagreeable laws

1. Henry David Thoreau (Walden)-opposed Mexican American war tax-jailed

c. Utopian Communities form as a result of movement

1. Brook Farm, New Harmony, & Oneida

C. Prison reform

1. Dorothea Dix- leads to reforms in Massachusetts prisons and the opening of mental health hospitals

D. Education Reform-Public Schools emerge

1. Horace Mann-state superintendent of schools who reformed the system

a. “Father of Public Education”

b. tax supported

E. Abolition (to abolish slavery)

1. The Abolitionists

a. William Lloyd Garrison-the “Liberator” (1831)

1. "I am in earnest - I will not equivocate - I will not excuse - I will not retreat a single inch - and I will be heard."

b. Frederick Douglas- the “North Star”

c. The Grimke Sisters

1. Sarah and Angelina were abolitionists and women’s rights activists

a. Grew up on southern plantation

2. Pro-Slave argument

a. economic necessity

3. Antebellum slavery

a. Social order in south

1. Planter aristocracy-3% owned multiple slaves

2. Merchant middle class

3. Small farmers-75% owned no slaves

4. Poor whites

5. Slaves

4. Slave Rebellion

a. Nat Turner (1831)-ex preacher, w/ 80 followers, attacked plantations killing 60 whites

5. Women’s Movement-women attack the “Cult of Domesticity”

a. Seneca Falls Convention (1848)

1. Lucretia Mott & Elizabeth Cady Stanton

2. wrote the “Declaration of Sentiments” calling for women’s suffrage

F. Nativism-“Fear or hatred of foreigners”

1. The target of nativists were immigrants from Southern and Eastern Europe different language, dress, religion, and values

G. Temperance

1. Movement to do away with the use of alcohol

a. 19th century culture involved alcohol

b. Washed down salted meat and fish

c. Anesthetic

d. Leading reformer was Lyman Beecher (1825) American Temperance Society

II. 1st Industrial Revolution (1820-1870)- Expanding Markets

A. Causes:

1. Jefferson’s Embargo of 1807-forced American manufacturers to become self sufficient

2. War of 1812-British blockade

B. The beginnings

1. In 1793, Samuel Slater- first textile factory (memorized and smuggled British plans)

a. Father of the American Industrial Revolution

2. In 1807, Robert Fulton’s steamboat, the Clermont, sailed up the Hudson River

3. In 1813, Francis Cabot Lowell, developed America’s 1^st Factory Towns

4. America’s first Railroad was the Baltimore & Ohio in 1828

5. From 1830-1854, millions of Germans and Irish (Potato famine) came to America to fill jobs in the factories

a. New York City becomes the home of a growing number of immigrants

C. Inventions

1. Eli Whitney

a. Interchangeable Parts-musket

b. Cotton Gin

D. Growth of Unions

1. 1st Unions

a. National Trades Union-1st in US

III. Westward Growth (1820-1860)

A. Manifest Destiny: It was God’s will that America should expand from ocean to ocean

1. Santa Fe Trail-780 miles from Independence, Missouri to Santa Fe, new Mexico

2. Oregon Trail-from Independence, Missouri to Portland, Oregon (Conestoga wagons) (Lewis & Clark)

B. James K. Polk’s Administration (1844-1848)

1. Foreign policy

a. Mexican-American War (1846-1848)

1. Cause

a. Polk sends General Zachary Taylor across the Nueces River (disputed territory w/ Mexico) American troops are killed by Mexican troops

2. Opposition

a. Lincoln’s “Spot” Resolution

b. Henry David Thoreau Opposes war tax-jailed (civil disobedience)

3. Battles-While Americans were outnumbered, great leadership led to stunning victories

a. Buena Vista- General Taylor defeats Mexican forces

b. Mexico City-General Winfield Scott a much larger Mexican Army

c. Stephen Kearny (the “Long Marcher”) captures Santa Fe and Southern California

d. John C. Fremont captures San Francisco and declares Calif. the “Bear Flag Republic”

4. Wilmot Proviso-if it had passed Congress would have outlawed slavery in territories acquired from Mexico

IV. The Slavery Issue

A. During the 1800’s there was a growing economic disparity between the North and the South

1. Population

2. Functioning railroads

3. Industrial output

B. The Missouri Compromise (1820)

1. Henry Clay (“The Great Compromiser”)

a. all territory below 36’30”-open to slavery

b. Maine admitted-Free State

C. Famous debate in Congress in 1830 over protective tariffs and other economic disparities between the north and south

1. Robert Y. Hayne (State’s Rights) v. Daniel Webster (Nationalism)

a. Webster- "Liberty and Union, now and forever, one and inseparable!".

E.. Compromise of 1850

1. Henry Clay writes it, Stephen Douglas (“Little Giant”) gets it passed

a. Popular sovereignty- New Mexico and Utah

b. California-Free State

c. Texas paid $10 Million for claims on New Mexico

d. Abolition of slave trade in Washington, DC

e. Fugitive Slave Act-gave southerners the legal right to go north and recapture escaped slaves

1. Northern states pass Personal Liberty Laws in response

F. Underground Railroad

1. Harriet Tubman

a. 19 trips to South as a “conductor”-frees 300 slaves

G. Uncle Tom’s Cabin (1852)-written by Harriet Beecher Stowe

1. Showed northern citizens the evils of slavery

H. Gadsden Purchase

1. Southern New Mexico and Arizona were purchased for a southern route for a transcontinental railroad

I. Kansas-Nebraska Act (1854)

1. Stephen Douglas proposed the act

a. called for “popular sovereignty” to determine slave issue in Kansas and Nebraska

b. “Bleeding Kansas”

1. In 1855, Senator Charles Sumner is brutally attacked by Congressman Preston Brooks

J. John Brown’s Raid: Abolitionist John Brown takes arsenal at Harper’s Ferry, Virginia

K. Dred Scott Court case (1857)-upholds slavery

6. Civil War & Reconstruction

I. Events leading up to the Civil War

A. Abraham Lincoln (R) defeats Stephen Douglas (D), in the 1860 Presidential election which is final straw for the south

1. South Carolina secedes in December 1860

a. Confederate States of America formed in January, 1861 w/ Jefferson Davis elected President

B. War Strategies

1. North-Anaconda Plan (Winfield Scott)

a. Blockade

b. Control Mississippi River

c. Capture Richmond

2. South-Defend and prolong war

C. Advantages for each side

1. Northern

a. Population

b. Industrial output

c. Transportation-Railroads

d. Wealth

e. Navy

f. Lincoln-delegated authority; decisive

2. Southern

a. defend; did not have to invade

b. Emotions

c. Better trained & experienced officers (early in war)

d. agricultural exports: cotton for textiles

e. Robert E. Lee

D. Organization

1. North-

a. Army of the Potomac (east), Army of the Cumberland (west)

b. Blue uniforms (mostly)

c. “Yankees”, “Blue Bellies”

2. South

a. Army of the Shenandoah (east), Army of Tennessee (west)

b. Grey uniforms (mostly)

c. “Rebels”, “Johnny Reb”

E. Military Technology

1. Ironclad

a. Merrimac v. Monitor

2. Submarines

a. C.S.S. Hunley

II. Major Battles during Civil War (1861-1865)

A. Fort Sumter (April 12, 1861)

1. Start of war- “1^st shot fired in anger”

B. Antietam (Sharpsburg), Maryland (September 1862)

1. Bloodiest single day of battle (8,000)

2. Union “victory”

3. Lincoln issues Emancipation Proclamation

a. gave the Union a cause to fight for

b. keeps England out of war

c. frees slaves in rebelling states NOT border states

C. Vicksburg (May 1863)

1. Grant takes last major Confederate fort on Mississippi River

2. Three month siege

3. Union victory

D. Gettysburg (July 1863)

1. Lee attempts to invade North (Pennsylvania)

2. 28, 000 dead or wounded

3. Bloodiest battle

4. Union victory

a. Gettysburg Address

b. Lincoln’s speech, “do not forget…”

E. Battle of Atlanta (September 1864)

1. William Tecumseh Sherman

a. “Total war”-“March to the Sea” -Chattanooga to Savannah

F. Appomattox Court House

1. Robert E. Lee surrenders (April 9, 1865)

G. Roles of:

1. Ulysses S. Grant

a. Head of Army of the Potomac

2. Robert E. Lee

a. Head of Army of Northern Virginia

3. “Stonewall” Jackson

a. Died at Battle of Chancellorsville

b. Made famous at Bull Run

4. William Tecumseh Sherman

a. “Sherman’s March to the Sea”

b. Battle of Atlanta

5. Jefferson Davis

a. President of the Confederacy

III. Political issues during war

A. Political

1. Lincoln uses emergency powers to preserve the Union

a. suspends Habeas Corpus-jails 13,000 Copperheads

b. Government did not have to present accused w/ charges)

2. Lincoln wins re-election in 1864

a. Lincoln’s 2nd Inaugural address:

1. Calls for reconciliation and preservation of the union

2. "With malice toward none, with charity for all."

IV. Reconstruction (1865-1877)

A. Presidential Reconstruction (Lincoln)

1. 10% Plan (lenient)

a. states could re-enter Union when 10% of its’ population swore an oath of allegiance

2. Lincoln assassinated April 14, 1865

B. Vice-President Andrew Johnson becomes president

1. Wanted to follow Lincoln’s lenient policy

2. 13th Amendment-freed slaves (1865)

C. Radical Reconstruction

1. Wade-Davis Bill (1864) proposed by radicals in Congress

a. called for 50% to swear an oath of allegiance

b. pocket vetoed by Lincoln-too harsh

2. Freedmen’s Bureau (March 1865)

a. Effort to redistribute land, education and basic supplies for ex-slaves

b. Morehouse College (Augusta Institute) Founded as a seminary for black men in 1867 in Atlanta

3. Radical Republicans are elected to Congress in 1866

a. Thaddeus Stephens & Charles Sumner wanted south to “pay” for war

4. 14th Amendment (Citizenship) (1868)

a. Overturned the Dred Scott case

5. Military Reconstruction Act (1867) (4 passed)

a. divided former Confederacy into five military districts

6. Radicals in congress over-rode two presidential vetoes

a. 15th Amendment: Right to vote (1870)

D. Andrew Johnson impeached

1. Broke Tenure of Office Act

2. Johnson becomes a lame-duck president and has no further impact on Reconstruction

E. Forms of resistance to racial equality in the South

1. Literacy Tests

2. Poll taxes (Grandfather Clause)

3. Black Codes

a. regulated black Americans lives after Civil War

b. originated from slave codes used in South before the war

4. Formation of the KKK

a. Formed by Confederate veterans to oppose reconstruction

b. Enforced black codes

7. Growth of Big Business, Technological Innovations and Westward Growth After Reconstruction

I. Western Frontier

A. Native Americans - Plains Indians

1. The Indian Wars

a. Sitting Bull (Sioux) refuses to sign the Ft. Laramie Treaty. In 1876, General George Armstrong Custer w/ 200 soldiers attacked Sitting Bull and Crazy Horse and 2,000-3,000 Cheyenne men. Battle becomes known as “Custer’s Last Stand”

b. Wounded Knee Massacre (1890):

1. Sitting Bull is killed by Indian police

2. Ghost Dance-performed by Indians to drive away white man

3. Custer’s 7^th Calvary capture and massacre 300 Sioux

B. The Cattle Industry

1. Cattle were driven on “long drives” (Chisholm Trail) to railroads, where the cattle were delivered to Chicago

2. A Cowboy’s life: worked 10-14 hr days, avg. age 24, owned his own saddle, used gun rarely, prairie fires would scare a cowboy more than Indians, and most died from accidents or pneumonia

C. Mining

1. Gold is first discovered at Sutter’s Mill in California in 1848

D. Farmers

1. Homesteaders lived in isolated areas in homes known as “Soddy’s” e

E. Famous “Cowboys”

1. William F. Cody-Wild West Shows

2. Wild Bill Hickok-Marshall in Abilene, Kansas-killed holding a “dead man’s hand” (pair of aces and pair of eights)

F. Government restricts Native Americans

1. Major reasons for massive amount of settlers moving west

a. In 1834, the government had set aside the Great Plains as one huge reservation.

b. In 1851, restricts Sioux to reservations, Ft. Laramie Treaty

c. In 1862, Congress passed the Homestead Act. (160 acres free land!)

d. In 1887, the Dawes Act broke up reservations and called for Assimilation

II. Industry, Labor, Immigration, and Urban Culture

A. Inventions that fueled industrialization (Mass Production)

1. Thomas Edison

a. Huge impact on American life

1. Light bulb (1876)

2. Motion pictures

B. Impact of railroads on industry and the development of the west

1. Railroads were used to transport large items

a. Eastern manufacturers

b. Western farmers

2. Start of Civil War: 30,000 miles of track; End of Civil War: 180,000 miles of track

3. Professor CF Dowd proposes that the earth’s surface be divided up into 24 time zones

4. Transcontinental railroad est. 1869 - Union Pacific and Central Pacific

a. Joined in Promontory Point, Utah (golden spike driven in by Leland Stanford)

1. Workers: Chinese (from the west) and Irish (from the East)

C. Industry

1. Rise of monopolies & Trusts (Entrepreneurship and growth of “Big Business”)

a. Robber Barons (Monopolies and Trusts)

1. John D. Rockefeller - Standard Oil-90% of oil industry

a. Trusts- corporate leaders convinced (or coerced) the shareholders of all the companies in one industry to convey their shares to a board of trustees, in exchange for dividend-paying certificates. The board would then manage all the companies in “trust” for the shareholders

D. Rise of Labor Unions and their goal of Collective Bargaining -this right is not won until the National labor Relations Act (1935) or the Wagner Act is passed

1. American Federation of Labor - organized by Samuel L. Gompers (1886)

a. Excluded Blacks and unskilled workers

b. Employed strike tactics

2. American Railway Union- Eugene V. Debs

a. Socialism-called for government control of business and property and equal distribution of wealth

b. Ran for president five times as a Socialist

3. STRIKES-Americans fear unions as Socialist/Communist fronts/anarchy

a. Pullman Strike (1894)

1. Laid off 3,000/5,800 workers, cut wages 25-50%

2. Strike turned violent and stopped by federal troops

3. Led by Eugene V. Debs of the American Railway Union, who was jailed & read the works of Karl Marx while serving his time.

III. Immigration

A. A change occurs in immigration patterns after the Civil War (Melting Pot)

1. Old immigration: Northern and Western Europe

2. New Immigration -Southern and Eastern Europe

B. Arrival to America

1. Ellis Island-station where immigrants entered the country

a. Located in New York

b. Most immigrants settle in New York

C. Nativism-fear or hatred of foreigners

1. Chinese Exclusion Act 1882

2. Anti-Asian immigration sentiment

IV. Politics in the Gilded Age (1868-1890)

A. The Gilded Age- “like gold”

1. Mark Twain coined the term, relating to the veneer of success and wealth during the period 1877-1900

B. Political underpinnings of Gilded Age

1. Local governments run by local bosses and political machines

a. Powerful group of individuals who influenced votes by bribery

b. Targeted newly arrived immigrants, lower-class labor

c. Boss Tweed-Most notable “political boss”—The NYC Tweed Ring

1. who cheated NYC from over $200 million dollars, through graft, bribe, misallocation of funds, tc

a. Exposed by newspaper cartoonist-Thomas Nast

V. The Populist Era (1890-1901)

A. Populists

1. Formed from an alliance between small farmers and labor unions

a. The Grange 1867-Oliver Kelly lead the Granger Movement

b. Populist Party 1891 (People’s Party)

1. Farmers were angry over

a. Railroad abuses-Railroads agreeing w/ each other to fix prices

b. Charging more for short hauls than long hauls (benefiting big business)

8. Empire Building, Progressives, WWI

I. An American Empire

A. Imperialism/Expansionism-stronger nations extend their military, economic, and political control over weaker nations

1. Debate over expansion:

a. Military

1. Captain Alfred Mahan's "The Influence of Sea Power Upon History" (1890)

b. International trade-Foreign markets

1. Expansion would solve need for raw materials and labor

a. Rise of world capitalism

c. Cultural superiority

1. Many combined Social Darwinism w/ racial superiority

a. Rudyard Kipling’s poem-The White Man’s Burden

d. Frederick Jackson Turner-by 1893, in his Frontier thesis-preached westward expansion

2. The Debate over expansion:

a. Anti-Imperialist League

1. Mark Twain-Loss of American culture

2. Andrew Carnegie-foreign competition

3. Samuel Gompers-cheaper labor competition

B. Spanish American War

1. William Seward, Secretary of State under Lincoln, in 1867, purchased Alaska from Russia ($7.2 Million)

2. In 1891, wealthy sugar planters in Hawaii overthrew Queen Liliuokalani w/ help from US Marines

3. Spanish-American War 1898

a. Cuban Revolt 1868-1878 - José Marti

b. Media sensationalism –

1. Newspapers and magazines use ‘Yellow Journalism” to sensationalize the revolt

a. Joseph Pulitzer - N.Y. World

b. William Randolph Hearst - N.Y. Journal

c. The Dupoy de Lome letter published by Hearst (February 9, 1898)

d. Battleship Maine explodes (February 15, 1898))

e. Theodore Roosevelt's Rough Riders and the Battle of San Juan Hill (July, 1898)

f. Spain agrees to Armistice (August, 1898)

1. Treaty of Paris (December, 1898)

a. Cuban independence

2. Acquisition of Puerto Rico, Guam, and Philippines

4. War in the Philipines (1898-1901)

a. Filipinos, led by Emilio Aguinaldo, turn on Americans as conquerors not liberators

II. The Progressive Movement

A. Progressive goals

1. To reform the political process - end the party machines

2. Economic and social justice

3. Public interest should guide Government policies

B. Progressive Reformers and efforts to improve living conditions of poor in cities.

1. Florence Kelley- fought for laws prohibiting child labor and laws limiting women’s working hours

2. Carry Nation-used hatchet and the bible to protest saloons

a. Women’s Christian Temperance Union

3. Muckrakers - investigative writers and journalists uncover graft and corruption

a. Lincoln Steffens – New York reporter exposes corruption in articles; The Shame of the Cities

b. Ida Tarbell attacked Standard Oil Trust

c. Upton Sinclair - The Jungle (1906)-leads to federal oversight of the meat packing industry

d. Thomas Nast-Famous cartoonist

4. Jane Addams-Hull House- Settlement house for new immigrants

5. Social Gospel-Protestant Christian movement to help the poor.

6. Tenement Houses-or Dumbbell tenements-failed government experiment

a. Efforts by the government to improve living conditions for the poor in the cities

C. Political Reforms

1. Primaries

2. Initiatives, referendums, and recalls

3. Australian ballot

III. Theodore Roosevelt replaces Republican William McKinley upon his assassination in 1901

A. Square Deal: Roosevelt believed there were “Good Trusts” and “Bad Trusts”

1. Consumer Protection

a. Meat Inspection Act 1906

1. Influenced by Upton Sinclair’s The Jungle

b. Conservation Movement

1. 1st president to set aside lands

B. Racial discussions:

1. Chinese Exclusion Act -1882 (anti-Asian sentiment on the west coast)

2. Jim Crow Laws-segregation laws passed in South after Reconstruction ended

a. Plessey v. Ferguson (1896)- established “separate but equal”

3. WEB Dubois: instant equality of the races (De Jure and De Facto)

a. Niagara Movement and immergence of the NAACP (1905-1910): formed by WEB Dubois

4. Booker T. Washington: through education, blacks will earn economic freedom then political equality. Example: George Washington Carver-Tuskegee Institute-(peanut)

5. Ida B. Wells- anti Lynching laws

C.. Building a canal in Central America

1. Panama Canal-Colonel George Goethals completes by 1914 at a cost of $400 million

D. Foreign Policy

1. President Roosevelt following his foreign policy of “Big Stick”

2. The Roosevelt Corollary to the Monroe Doctrine (1904) added South America

IV.. Woodrow Wilson (D), defeats Taft and Roosevelt Election of 1912

A. Wilson Administration "New Freedom"-Progressive Reforms

1. Reform of Labor Laws- passed the Clayton Ant-trust Act (1914)

a. strengthened the Sherman Anti-Trust Act (1890)

b. said unions could not be prosecuted as trusts

c. called the Magna Charta of Labor

2. 16^th Amendment: income tax

3. 17th Amendment: direct election of Senators

4. 18th Amendment: prohibited the sale, manufacture and transportation of alcohol

5. 19^th Amendment: Women’s Suffrage

a. 1848-Seneca Falls Convention

b. 1869-National Women’s Suffrage Association founded by Susan B. Anthony and Elizabeth Cady Stanton

c. WWI and these women’s efforts lead to ratification of 19th Amendment in 1920.

V. World War I (1914-1918) (1917-1918-US involvement)

A. Origins in United States

1. America moves from neutrality to engagement

2. Germany brings unrestricted submarine warfare against the US in 1915. (U-Boats)

a. Lusitania sunk (May, 1915)

3. Zimmerman Note (March, 1917)-Germany offers compensation to Mexico if it attacks the US

4. Congress declares War (April, 1917) Wilson declares: “Make the world safe for democracy”

B. Domestic impact on America

1. Propaganda v. Censorship

a. Espionage Act 1917

1. Government and many citizens are afraid of the growing influence of labor unions as Communist/Socialists fronts-Eugene V. Debs

2. “Great Migration”-Thousands of African Americans migrate to northern cities for jobs

C. America at War

1. Weapons of WWI: trenches, balloons, machine gun, submarines, airplane, poison gas, & mines

2. Battles: Chateau-Thierry, Belleau Wood, Second Battle of the Marne, Meuse-Argonne

3. November 11, 1918: Germany surrenders

D. Worst war in world history is over.

1. 10 million soldiers killed & 10 million civilians die from disease and starvation

E. The Peace Conference

1. Treaty of Versailles

a. Wilson's 14 Points (includes provision for League of Nations)

9. Politics and Life in the Roaring 20’s, Depression, & New Deal

I. The "Roaring Twenties"

A. Anti-Foreign feelings

1. Quota Act 1921 limits “less desirable” immigrants from Eastern Europe

2. Sacco and Vanzetti 1921 – executed in 1927 (Ex: Nativism/Red Scare)

3. "Red Scare"-fear of communism (anti-immigrant)

a. Because of the Bolshevik Revolution (in Russia) during WWI, Americans feared Communism and Socialism would spread through the American Labor movements

B. Economic Growth

1. Importance of the automobile

a. Henry Ford

1. Assembly line-mass production

2. By 1924, 10 million Model T’s had been sold ($400)

3. Affordable for everyone

b. Electrical appliances

c. Advertising

d. Installment plans (credit0

e. Laissez faire treatment of the economy by the Federal government

C. Changes in lifestyle

1. Movies:

a. silent films shown in Nickelodeons

b. Charlie Chaplin and Rudolph Valentino

c. The Jazz Singer- 1^st “Talkie”

2. Radio

a. 1st Radio Station-KDKA

b. War of the Worlds

3. The Harlem Renaissance: literary and artistic movement celebrating African culture

a. Langston Hughes: poet

4. The Jazz Age-combination of ragtime and blues

a. The music migrated north from New Orleans

1. Tin Pan Alley-refers to the center of music in New York City (Tin Pots)

2. Irving Berlin- part of Tin Pan Alley and produced "God Bless America," "White Christmas," "Anything You Can Do," "There's No Business Like Show Business”

3. Louis Armstrong- aka: “Satchmo” most influential vocalist/instrumentalist of the Jazz Age. “What a Wonderful World”

II. The Stock Market Crash

A. Origins of the Stock Market Crash of 1929

1. Agricultural/ Industrial overproduction

a. Farmers had planted more during WWI and had expanded their farms through loans to increase production

b. American industry dominated and grew rapidly during WWI and the 1^st half of the 1920’s

1. After WWI, prices fell because of foreign competition

2. Dust Bowl

a. Drought and high winds destroyed farms in the Midwest.

3. Under consumption

a. Rising prices and stagnant wages

4. Unsound banking practices: not much regulation from the Federal Reserve

a. Speculation-buying stocks on chance of a quick profit (Bull Markets)

b. Buying on margin-paying a small % of stock price, borrowing the rest

B. Stock Market crashes on Tuesday, October 29, 1929 (Black Tuesday)

1. By 1932, stock prices were 1/10th of what they were in 1929

C. Social and Political impact of widespread unemployment”

1. Hoovervilles-social impact due to unemployment

2. Bonus Army-political impact due to unemployment

III. Franklin D. Roosevelt (D), New York defeats Hoover. Begins the "New Deal"

A. The 3 R’s

1. Relief: provide immediate help for the poor

2. Recovery: bring business back from bankruptcy

3. Reform: long range changes to avert another Depression

B. First New Deal 1932-1935

1. 1st Hundred Days

a. Bank Holiday: closed all banks for a day

b. 18^th Amendment is repealed with the 21^st Amendment in 1933.

c. Fireside Chats: used to calm American fears

d. Takes the US off the Gold Standard

2. Alphabet Soup Agencies

a. Federal Deposit Insurance Corporation-guaranteed deposits up to $5,000

b. Farm Credit Administration-low interest loans to farmers to stop foreclosures

c. Federal Emergency Relief Administration- (Harry Hopkins)- provided federal money directly to state and local governments to operate soup kitchens and other forms of relief for jobless or homeless

d. Public Works Administration-(Harold Ickes)- roads, bridges, and dams

1. Civilian Works Administration-added to hire laborers for temporary construction projects

e. Civilian Conservation Corps- put men to work building roads, planting trees for $30 a month

f. Tennessee Valley Authority

1. Works program that dammed the Tennessee R. for electricity

2. Helped control environment

g. NRA-National Recovery Administration

1. Set prices, working hours and ended child labor

2. Blue Eagle becomes the symbol of Industrial Recovery

3. Declared unconstitutional by (Schechter v. US)

h. Agricultural Adjustment Act-subsidies to reduce production

i. Securities and Exchange Commission-limited speculation practices on the Stock Market

C. Second New Deal (1935-1941)

1. Programs

a. Works Progress Administration-new bridges, roads, airports and public buildings. Also artists, writers, and actors were hired. Most expensive of programs.

b. National Labor Relations Board-

1. Wagner Act-rights join unions and to collective bargain

c. Social Security Act: old age survivor’s benefit and unemployment compensation

2. Political challenges to Roosevelt’s domestic and international leadership

a. Court Packing-The Supreme Court reacts finding the NIRA and the AAA unconstitutional

1. argument: executive branch can not legislate

2. Roosevelt threatens “Court packing”

b. Huey Long-Share Our Wealth Societies

c. Neutrality Act-(1939)

1. Cash and Carry-enabled Roosevelt to help allies against Germany

3. Eleanor Roosevelt becomes a symbol for social progress and women’s activism

a. Marian Anderson-black singer denied right to sing at a concert hall

1. In Washington, Eleanor Roosevelt gets permission for her to sing at the Lincoln Memorial

symbolizes social progress

4. African Americans

a. A. Philip Randolph-Brotherhood of Railroad Car Porter’s threatens march on Washington, to protest discrimination at the Pullman Railroad Car Company and in the military industry

1. Roosevelt passes the Fair Employment Act-outlawed discrimination in military industries

b. Ida B. Wells

1. Works to pass anti-lynching laws

2. lynching’s continue, Roosevelt does not pass legislation to help (needed southern vote)

IV. Native Americans

A. 1924-full citizenship

1. Indian policy moves away from assimilation to autonomy

B. Suffrage- earned state by state-last three states allow suffrage in the 1950’s.

V. The New Deal's legacy

A. Increased Federal regulation of the economy

B. Expanded presidential power

C. Increased power of Democratic Party for years

D. Minorities and women gained participation in government

10. Causes of WWII, WWII Begins, Cold War, Post WWII

I. Causes and events leading up to WWII

A. Failure of the WWI peace settlement.

B. Rise of Dictators (totalitarian aggression)

1. Hideki Tojo-Japan

2. Adolph Hitler brings Nazism to power in Germany (1933) (Fuhrer)

3. Benito Mussolini establishes Fascism in Italy (Il Duce)

4. Francisco Franco-Spain

5. Joseph Stalin-Soviet Union

C. Axis Powers

1. Germany

2. Italy

3. Japan

D. Neutrality Acts 1935, 1936, 1937: effort to keep US out of foreign wars

1. In 1939, Congress passed a Cash & Carry provision.

a. First attempt by the U.S. to help the Allies financially and militarily

2. Lend-Lease Act passed by Congress in March 1941-Destroyers for naval bases-U.S. becomes more aggressive

E. Atlantic Charter (August 1941): Allied Leaders: Churchill and Roosevelt discuss war strategy and goals

II. Pearl Harbor is attacked on December 7, 1941 by the Japanese and the US enters the war

A. Hitler’s employs his extermination plan called the “Final Solution”

1. The Holocaust as it became known, led to the murder of 11 million people across Europe

a. Targets: Jews, homosexuals, Gypsies, and the handicapped

b. Auschwitz was a concentration camp built especially to carry out Genocide

B. War Mobilization: WWII helps bring US out of Depression

1. War Production Board created to convert peacetime industries to wartime industries

2. Office of Price Administration-sets prices

3. Women and minorities go to work in military and defense jobs. Ex: "Rosie the Riveter"

4. Rationing-Americans ration oil, gas, metals, and even silk!

5. Henry Kaiser built Liberty Ships-mass produced ships during WWII

C. Japanese-American Internment Camps were built because the government feared spying.

1. Manzanar: was the most famous of these camps

2. Ten camps were built housing over 110,000 Japanese Americans

D. 1941-1942 (US military contributions to Allied victory)

1. European Theatre

a. Allied forces invade North Africa; led by the Supreme Allied Commander Dwight D. Eisenhower

2. Pacific Theatre

a. Battle of Midway (June)-American carrier victory (turning point battle of war in Pacific)

1. U.S. begins a “island hopping” strategy: bypassing Japanese strongholds, attempting to take weaker islands, build airstrips, and then bomb the strongholds!

E. 1944

1. European Theatre:

a. D-Day, June 6-Operation Overlord-Normandy, France

1. Significance: opened a second front against the Germans

2. 156,000 troops, 4,000 landing craft, 600 warships, 11,000 planes, attacked over 60 miles of beach at five locations: Utah, Omaha, Gold, Juno, and Sword beaches.

F. 1945-1946

1. European theatre:

a. During the Fall of Berlin, on April 29, 1945, Hitler marries Eva Braum. The following day, Hitler shot himself, while his wife took poison. He blamed the Jews and his Generals for losing the war!

b. Germany surrenders (May) - V-E Day

1. The Nuremburg War Trials were held in 1946 to try German officials for war crimes

2. Pacific Theatre

a. Captain Jimmy Doolittle was the first American pilot to successfully bomb Tokyo.

b. U.S. invades Iwo Jima (March) (Famous picture of American soldiers hoisting the American flag)

c. Atomic Bombs end war

1. Manhattan Project: Robert J. Oppenheimer (Los Alamos)

a. Scientific, military, and economic implications

2. Truman’s decision was based on the possibility of one Million American casualties if invasion of Japan occurred

a. On August 6, 1945, the Enola Gay dropped “Little Boy” on Hiroshima.

b. On August 9, 1945, “Fat Man” was dropped on Nagasaki.

d. The Japanese Emperor, Hirohito, ended the war on the U.S. battleship, Missouri, in September 1945.

III. Cold War in America-Post WWII (1945-1991) “War of Words”

A. Origins of Containment Policy

1. Soviet expansion in Eastern Europe after the war (Germany was divided into East and West Germany)

a. Formation of NATO vs. WARSAW

1. NATO: US commitment to Europe

2. WARSAW Pact: led by Soviet Union and its’ satellite countries

2. Communists attempt takeovers in Greece and Turkey

a. Truman Doctrine

1. Policy of Containment (Communism) based on the Domino Theory

2. Congress gives military and economic aid of $400 million to Greece and Turkey.

3. Implication: The US goes from isolationism to interventionism

B. Implications of Containment Policy

1. Winston Churchill gives his famous “Iron Curtain” speech in 1946

2. Marshall Plan (1947): economic aid to war torn Europe

a. hope is to avoid WWIII, while containing Communism

3. The Berlin Airlift-Soviets blockade Berlin in 1948. President Truman has supplies airlifted into the city for over a year until the Soviets remove the blockade

4. President Truman ordered the integration of the US military which was carried out during the Korean War by President Eisenhower

C. Events contributing to the rise of Senator Joseph McCarthy

1. In 1951, Julius and Ethel Rosenberg were convicted of treason and executed

2. Chinese Communist Revolution in 1949

a. Nationalist forces under Chiang Kai-Shek defeated by Communists under Mao Zedong

3. Korean War (1950-1953)

a. “Policing Action”/ US acts a part of UN

b. Douglas MacArthur ignores Truman’s warning

1. Fired as commander of US forces

c. Chinese involvement

d. Ends in a stalemate

4. McCarthyism-fear of Communist infiltration into our government

a. Senator Joseph McCarthy becomes a powerful legislator because of fear of Communism

b. House Un-American Activities Committee (HUAC) investigates citizens with Communist ties

D. Dwight D. Eisenhower elected President in 1952 and serves until 1960

1. Competition with the Soviet Union

a. Sputnik satellite by the Soviet Union is 1st to space

b. Soviets put first man in space-Yuri Gagarin

1. Eisenhower calls for money to be spent on Science and Math in America’s schools

2. NASA and the Mercury Space program started

a. Alan Sheppard-1st American in space

b. John Glenn-1st to orbit earth

c. Apollo 11 Mission - Neil Armstrong lands on Moon (July, 1969)

2. Domestic Issues

a. Interstate Highway Act 1956: for defense

b. Baby Boom

c. Levittown (1951) 1st major planned community-beginning of suburbs

1. William Levitt- built houses: one every sixteen minutes

11. New Frontier, Great Society, Civil Rights, Vietnam, & Social Change

I. John F. Kennedy’s Administration (1960-1963)

A. Impact Television played on American culture in the 1960’s

1. 1960 Presidential Debate

a. John F. Kennedy v. Richard Nixon

2. Civil Rights movement was seen on television by the American public

B. Foreign Policy

1. Military Strategy shift

2. Cuban Revolution

a. Dictator Fidel Castro comes to power and courts the Soviet Union

3. Bay of Pigs invasion is poorly executed and Kennedy accepts blame (April, 1961)

4. Berlin wall erected (August 1961)

5. Cuban Missile Crisis (October, 1962)

6. Kennedy travels to Berlin and gives famous speech, “Ich bin ein Berliner.”

C. John Kennedy assassinated (November, 1963) in Dallas by Lee Harvey Oswald

1. Warren Commission finds no evidence of conspiracy

II. Great Society

A. Lyndon Baines Johnson Administration-Kennedy’s Vice-President takes office in 1963

1. 1964 election-Left v. Right

a. Johnson v. Barry Goldwater ®

1. Goldwater attacks Social Security and the TVA.

2. Threatened use of nuclear missiles on Cuba and North Vietnam

3. Johnson uses nation’s fear against him w/ “Chilling Commercial”

2. Great Society

a. "War on Poverty" program announced

1. Michael Harrington’s The Other America (1962)-reveals 20% of US population and 40% of black Americans lived in poverty

b. Medicare (healthcare for people over 65) and Medicaid programs (healthcare for welfare recipitants)

B. Reforms of the Earl Warren Supreme Court and expansion of individual rights

1. Miranda v. Arizona (rights read)

2. Mapp v. Ohio (illegally seized evidence), Gideon v. Wainright (free counsel), Escobedo v. Illinois (lawyer present during questioning)

III. THE CIVIL RIGHTS MOVEMENT

A. The history of the movement

1. After Civil War, the 13th, 14th, and 15th Amendments were passed

2. The Civil Rights Act of 1875 had outlawed discrimination in public places

a. In 1883, the Supreme Court found it unconstitutional

3. In 1896, Plessey v. Ferguson, established “Separate but Equal”

a. Jim Crow Laws were passed in southern states as a result

4. During WWII, Roosevelt had outlawed discrimination in war related industries

5. President Harry S. Truman ordered the military integrated

6. Jackie Robinson breaks color barrier in Major League Baseball, 1947

7. Brown v. Board of Education of Topeka, Kansas (1954)

a. Struck down Plessey vs. Ferguson (1896)"Separate but Equal"

b. Efforts to resist the decision

1. The crisis at Central High School in Little Rock, Arkansas (1957)

a. Gov. Orval Faubus uses National Guard to prevent black students from attending

b. Eisenhower uses Federal troops to help enroll students

2. Gov. George Wallace of Alabama personally blockades entrance to U. of Alabama to two African American or Black students in 1963

8. Comparison of SCLC and SNCC

a. Dr. Martin Luther King starts Southern Christian Leadership Conference organization (1957)

b. SNCC or The Student Non-Violent Coordinating Committee is formed in 1960 to combat segregation at lunch counters across the South (eventually splits with SCLC calling for more aggressive measures) Stokely Carmichael, leader of SNCC, calls for “black power” .

1. CORE of the Congress of Racial equality stages the 1st Sit In

a. In 1960, the Woolworth’s store is the site of a sit in at a white’s only lunch counter

2. CORE in 1961 organizes two buses to ride through Alabama w/ the hope of spurring the Kennedy administration into enforcing protection for travelers going across state lines (Freedom Riders)

a. Bus firebombed in Anniston, Alabama

b. Robert Kennedy orders in 400 marshals to protect riders to Jackson, Mississippi

9. Significance of Martin Luther King

a. “Letter from a Birmingham Jail” (1963)

1. During a series of illegal (because a parade permit was denied his group) demonstrations protesting the segregation of many public facilities in Birmingham, King was jailed and chided in an open letter (printed in a Birmingham newspaper) by several white clergy for his efforts.

a. “one has not only a legal, but a moral responsibility to obey just laws. Conversely, one has a moral responsibility to disobey unjust laws.”

b. “I Have A Dream” speech is given by Martin Luther King in August of 1963 in Washington, DC (250,000 spectators)

c. The speech along with Kennedy’s assassination leads to

1. Civil Rights Act of 1964

a. outlaws discrimination in public places like restaurants, and hotels (Ends DeFacto Segregation)

2. Voting Rights Act of 1965.

a. eliminates Literacy Tests

IV. Social and political turmoil of 1968

A. Assassinations

1. Dr. King assassinated (April 4, 1968) by James Earl Ray

2. Robert F. Kennedy, Attorney General, Kennedy’s brother, presidential candidate, assassinated by Sirhan Sirhan

B. Democratic Convention in Chicago (1968)

1. SDS protested outside and violence erupts; caught on national television

a. Chicago mayor Richard Daley calls out 12,000 police and 5,000 National Guardsmen

b. Election of Richard Nixon is a result

V. The Vietnam War

A. History

1. Since the late 1800’s France had ruled Indochina (Vietnam, Cambodia, and Laos)

2. When elected, Kennedy, increased financial aid to South Vietnam.

a. By 1963, Kennedy had sent over 16,000 “advisors” to Vietnam

3. On August 2, 1964, a North Vietnamese patrol boat fires on the USS Maddox, patrolling the Gulf of Tonkin

a. Congress issues the Gulf of Tonkin resolution

4. By 1967, there were over 500,000 troops in Vietnam

5. Jungle Warfare

a. Massive tunnels

b. Spying

c. Booby traps

6. American strategy

a. Win a war of attrition and morale

b. Weapons of war: Napalm (burning petroleum) Agent Orange (herbicide), Search and Destroy

7. Anti-War Movement

a. Students for a Democratic Society (SDS) was formed by Tom Hayden

b. Kent State (1970)

1. National Guard troops open fire on students wounding nine and killing four (famous photograph)

c. The Tet Offensive- (Vietnamese New Year)

1. Credibility Gap widens - American support of war dips to 40% of American public

13. January 27, 1973, a peace agreement is signed

14. April 30, 1975, North Vietnamese captured Saigon

VI. An Era of Social Change (the 1960’s)

A. The Latino Presence grows

1. Cesar Chavez leads the United Farm Workers Organizing Committee to organize Latino farm workers

B. Betty Friedan writes, The Feminine Mystique, which leads to female activism and origin of the modern women’s movement

1. Leads to feminism (Ms. Instead of Miss or Mrs.)

2. Leads to formation of the National Organization of Women (NOW)

a. Congress passed the Equal Rights Amendment in 1972

b. States failed to pass as the Amendment

C. Rachel Carson’s book Silent Spring, a study of the herbicide DDT

1. Water Quality Act of 1965

2. Earth Day (1970) Citizens become more concerned with the environment

3. The EPA or Environmental Protection Agency was formed in 1970 by Richard Nixon

D. The Counterculture: Known as hippies (Woodstock-August, 1969)

12. Nixon, Ford, Carter, Reagan, Bush, Clinton & Bush Administrations

I. The Nixon Administration (1968-1973)

A. Foreign Policy

1. Nixon visits China-opens discussions w/ China: leads to reduced tensions between the two countries

B. Watergate

1. The Democratic National headquarters located at the Watergate Hotel in Washington, DC was broken into

a. Because of leaks to the press during the war, Nixon had formed a secret group called “Plumbers” to stop the leaks…

2. Nixon had come to rely on the advice of a small group of advisors

a. H.R. Haldeman-White House Chief of Staff

b. John Ehrlichman-Chief Domestic Adviser

c. John Mitchell-Nixon’s former Attorney General

d. John Dean-President’s lawyer

3. The burglary

a. 5 burglars are caught attempting to photograph documents of democratic strategy, and place “bugs”

b. Committee to Re-Elect the President (CREEP)- passed out $450,000 to buy silence, and papers were shred at the White House

4. Discovery

a. Two Washington Post writers, Bob Woodward and Carl Bernstein link the White House to the scandal

5. The Senate investigates

a. Senator Howard Baker asks White House lawyer John Dean, “What did the president know and when did he know it?”

1. Dean charges Nixon with being deeply involved.

b. A White House aide claims in testimony that Nixon taped everything that occurred in the Oval Office

8. Saturday Night Massacre

a. Attorney General Kleindienst resigns

b. Elliot Richardson is appointed by Nixon as Attorney General

1. Richardson appoints Archibald Cox as Special prosecutor

2. Nixon asks Richardson to fire Cox, he refuses

3. Richardson resigns

4. The Deputy Attorney general also refuses and is fired

5. Finally, the Solicitor General, Robert Bork, fires Cox

6. Leon Jaworski replaces Cox, but continues request for the White House tapes

9. In the Spring of 1974, Nixon releases the tapes

a. 1,254 pages of edited transcripts are offered 1st

b. At a press conference, Nixon claims, “I am not a crook…”

c. In July 1974, a senate Committee approved three articles of Impeachment

d. After release, one tape was found to have an 18 ½ minute gap

e. Evidence was found on one tape that Nixon had direct knowledge of the break-in and had lied.

f. Nixon resigns on August 8, 1974

II. Gerald Ford’s presidency (1973-1976)-first president not elected

A. Pardons Nixon and attempts to get public to put Watergate behind them

1. Ford admitted his shortcomings by saying, “I’m a Ford, not a Lincoln!”

B. WIN-Whip Inflation Now

1. Ford’s policy to end 10% inflation

a. Called for Americans to cut back on use of oil and gas

b. Curbed spending and called for higher interest rates which led to the worst recession in 40 years

C. Foreign Policy

1. Helsinki Accords-Ford’s greatest accomplishment was this agreement to improve relations between Eastern and Western Europe

a. Significance: led to break-up of Soviet Union eventually

2. Ford failed in gaining financial assistance for South Vietnam and it fell to the North in 1975.

D. Roe v. Wade- legalized abortions-very controversial

III. Jimmy Carter’s Presidency (1976-1980).

A. Domestic Policy

1. Carter believed the energy crisis was the nation’s biggest problem

2. Inflation soared to 11.3% in 1979.

3. Civil Rights-Carter did appoint minorities to high positions in the government.

a. Regents v. Bakke-overturned Affirmative Action

C. Foreign Policy

1. Advanced Human Rights- Cut off military aid to Argentina, Brazil, and Nicaragua

2. Camp David Accords

a. Peace agreement, sponsored by Carter, between Israel’s Menachem Begin and Egypt’s Anwar Sadat.

3. Iran Hostage Crisis: Carter’s biggest disappointment as President

a. Carter allows unpopular leader of Iran, the Shah, to come to the US for cancer treatments.

b. The Ayatollah Ruhollah Khomeini called for armed militants to seize the American embassy in Tehran

c. The Iranians held 52 Americans hostage for 444 days

1. Carter ordered a rescue mission that failed

IV. Ronald Reagan’s Presidency (1980-1988)

A. Reaganomics

1. Budget Cuts

2. Tax Cuts-Supply-Side Economics: Theory of economics contending that drastic reductions in tax rates will stimulate productive investment by corporations and wealthy individuals to the benefit of the entire society

3. Increased Defense spending-Strategic Defense Initiative (Star Wars) (Missile defense system located in space!)

4. The economy recovers; however, the national debt doubles.

B. Collapse of Soviet Union (1991) Soviet Union

1. Reagan called the Soviet Union the “Evil Empire” in a speech

a. Reagan develops a personal relationship w/ Mikhail Gorbachev

b. Gorbachev begins change to capitalism

1. Glasnost- “openness”

2. Perestroika- “restructuring”

C. Iran-Contra Scandal

1. Reagan aided Contras against the Sandinista government

2. Oliver North “Arms for Hostages”

V. George Bush Sr.’s Presidency (1988-1992)

A. Persian Gulf War

1. In August of 1990, Iraq invaded neighboring Kuwait

2. George Bush enlists the help of a coalition and fights a 5 day war, removing Iraq from Kuwait

a. Troops were led by “Storming” Norman Schwarzkopf

B. Domestic Policy

1. A weak economy forced Bush to raise taxes (“Read my lips, no new taxes”)

VI. Bill Clinton’s presidency (1992-2000)

A. Enjoys relationship w/ Democratic and eventually even with the Republican controlled Congress

1. NAFTA-North American Free Trade Agreement-Clinton hoped to strengthen all three economies and create more American jobs

B. Clinton impeached

1. Monica Lewinsky Affair

C. Impact of Technology on American life

1. Personal Computer

2. Cellular Telephone

VII. The election of George Bush Jr. (2000)

A. Disputed election

1. Florida’s vote count

2. Democrat Al Gore garners more votes but loses electoral vote count due to disputed votes in Florida (Chad’s)

3. Electoral vote counts play a huge role in the election

B. September 11, 2001

1. 9/11: World Trade Center is flown into by two commercial airlines and destroyed

2. Bush declares a “War on terrorism”

a. Afghanistan (Overthrow of the Taliban)

b. Iraq (Overthrow of Saddam Hussein) Weapons of Mass Destruction-Kurds